关于“Water Resources”来历的一点考证

尚松浩                                           2008－4－19

目前关于水资源（Water resources）的起源，不少论著都写认为是起源于1894年美国地调局（USGS）水资源处（WRD）的成立。为了查明情况，今天查了一下USGS网站，发现1894年USGS成立的相关部门并不是WRD，而是Hydrographic Division；1902年更名为Hydrographic Branch；1906年更名为Water Resources Branch，1949年变为Water Resources Division。

看来目前关于水资源（Water resources）起源的说法还是不准确的。

小小的感受：写书时最好不要简单地从别的书上转引内容，最好是查找原始文献、资料去查证，没有查证的内容宁可不写；写书不是一件容易的事。

 

附：USGS水资源部门的历史（资料来源：http://water.usgs.gov/history.html）

1888: U.S. Geological Survey initiates the National Streamgaging Program with training and gage installation on the Rio Grande River near Embudo, New Mexico, as part of the Irrigation Surveys under Director John Wesley Powell.

1894: First Congressional appropriation specifically for streamgaging; Hydrographic Division recognized as a regular unit of the USGS.

1896: Congress includes an annual appropriation for "the investigation of underground currents and artesian well(s)".

1902: Passage of the Reclamation Act. Establishes the Hydrographic Branch of USGS, comprising the Division of Hydrography (for streamgaging), the Division of Hydrology (for ground water), the Division of Hydro-Economics (for water quality in relation to agriculture and industry), and the Reclamation Service (later to become the Bureau of Reclamation), under F.H. Newell, Chief Hydrographer. Initiation of significant cooperation between the USGS Hydrographic Branch and State agencies.

1906: Name changed to Water Resources Branch in recognition that ".our work would be more fully appreciated if people could understand its character without resorting to a Latin dictionary or some similar aid of understanding." -Chief Hydrographer M.O. Leighton. Division of Hydro-Economics becomes the Division of Water Quality, and Division of Hydrology become the Division of Ground Water.

1912: USGS begins installing reliable automatic water-stage recorders at streamgages.

1924: Congress recognizes the Cooperative Hydrology Program as a jointly-funded collaboration between USGS and State and local agencies.

1949: The Water Resources Branch becomes the Water Resources Division, with separate branches for surface water, ground water, and water quality.

1964: Water Resources Division re-organized to combine the Surface Water, Ground Water and Quality of Water Branches at the District level under District Chiefs reporting to the Division. Chief Hydrologist Luna Leopold places increased emphasis on research and interpretation of data.

1994: Robert Hirsch becomes Chief Hydrologist.

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