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分子遗传学阅读文献：基因表达调控之一
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Perceptions of epigenetics
Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature. 2007 May 24; 447 (7143): 396-8.
Geneticists study the gene; however, for epigeneticists, there is no obvious 'epigene'. Nevertheless, during the past year, more than 2,500 articles, numerous scientific meetings and a new journal were devoted to the subject of epigenetics. It encompasses some of the most exciting contemporary biology and is portrayed by the popular press as a revolutionary new science--an antidote to the idea that we are hard-wired by our genes. So what is epigenetics?
Epigenetic inheritance in plants
Henderson IR, Jacobsen SE. Epigenetic inheritance in plants. Nature. 2007 May 24; 447 (7143): 418-24.
The function of plant genomes depends on chromatin marks such as the methylation of DNA and the post-translational modification of histones. Techniques for studying model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have enabled researchers to begin to uncover the pathways that establish and maintain chromatin modifications, and genomic studies are allowing the mapping of modifications such as DNA methylation on a genome-wide scale. Small RNAs seem to be important in determining the distribution of chromatin modifications, and RNA might also underlie the complex epigenetic interactions that occur between homologous sequences. Plants use these epigenetic silencing mechanisms extensively to control development and parent-of-origin imprinted gene expression.
Epigenetic inheritance in plants
Passing the message on: inheritance of epigenetic traits
Bond DM, Finnegan EJ. Passing the message on: inheritance of epigenetic traits. Trends Plant Sci. 2007 May; 12 (5): 211-6. Epub 2007 Apr 16.
Epigenetic modifiers play an important role in genome organization, stability and the control of gene expression. Three research groups that are exploring the transfer of epigenetic information between generations have recently published papers. Mary Alleman et al. have shown that RNA-directed chromatin changes mediate paramutation in maize, and Minoo Rassoulzadegan et al. have demonstrated that RNA also plays a role in paramutation in mice. A new aspect of epigenetic regulation has been revealed by Jean Molinier et al. - they have demonstrated that the memory of exposure to stress is transferred through several generations.
Passing the message on-inheritance of epigenetic traits
Epigenetics: regulation through repression
Wolffe AP, Matzke MA. Epigenetics: regulation through repression. Science. 1999 Oct 15; 286 (5439): 481-6.
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetic phenomena have major economic and medical relevance, and several, such as imprinting and paramutation, violate Mendelian principles. Recent discoveries link the recognition of nucleic acid sequence homology to the targeting of DNA methylation, chromosome remodeling, and RNA turnover. Although epigenetic mechanisms help to protect cells from parasitic elements, this defense can complicate the genetic manipulation of plants and animals. Essential for normal development, epigenetic controls become misdirected in cancer cells and other human disease syndromes.
Epigenetics-regulation through repression
Inherited epigenetic variation: revisting soft inheritance
Richards EJ. Inherited epigenetic variation--revisiting soft inheritance. Nat Rev Genet. 2006 May; 7 (5): 395-401
Phenotypic variation is traditionally parsed into components that are directed by genetic and environmental variation. The line between these two components is blurred by inherited epigenetic variation, which is potentially sensitive to environmental inputs. Chromatin and DNA methylation-based mechanisms mediate a semi-independent epigenetic inheritance system at the interface between genetic control and the environment. Should the existence of inherited epigenetic variation alter our thinking about evolutionary change?
Inherited epigenetic variation-revisting soft inheritance
Nucleosome destabilization in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Henikoff S. Nucleosome destabilization in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Jan; 9 (1): 15-26.
Assembly, mobilization and disassembly of nucleosomes can influence the regulation of gene expression and other processes that act on eukaryotic DNA. Distinct nucleosome-assembly pathways deposit dimeric subunits behind the replication fork or at sites of active processes that mobilize pre-existing nucleosomes. Replication-coupled nucleosome assembly appears to be the default process that maintains silent chromatin, counteracted by active processes that destabilize nucleosomes. Nucleosome stability is regulated by the combined effects of nucleosome-positioning sequences, histone chaperones, ATP-dependent nucleosome remodellers, post-translational modifications and histone variants. Recent studies suggest that histone turnover helps to maintain continuous access to sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate epigenetic inheritance, providing a dynamic alternative to histone-marking models for the propagation of active chromatin.
Nucleosome destabilization in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Arabidopsis epigenetics: when RNA meets chromatin
Gendrel A, Colot V. Arabidopsis epigenetics: when RNA meets chromatin. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Apr; 8 (2): 142-7.
Recent work in plants and other eukaryotes has uncovered a major role for RNA interference in silent chromatin formation. The heritability of the silent state through multiple cell division cycles and, in some instances, through meiosis is assured by epigenetic marks. In plants, transposable elements and transgenes provide striking examples of the stable inheritance of repressed states, and are characterized by dense DNA methylation and heterochromatin histone modifications. Arabidopsis is a useful higher eukaryotes model with which to explore the crossroads between silent chromatin and RNA interference both during development and in the genome-wide control of repeat elements.
Arabidopsis epigenetics-when RNA meets chromatin
Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome
Slotkin RK, Martienssen R. Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome. Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Apr; 8 (4): 272-85.
Overlapping epigenetic mechanisms have evolved in eukaryotic cells to silence the expression and mobility of transposable elements (TEs). Owing to their ability to recruit the silencing machinery, TEs have served as building blocks for epigenetic phenomena, both at the level of single genes and across larger chromosomal regions. Important progress has been made recently in understanding these silencing mechanisms. In addition, new insights have been gained into how this silencing has been co-opted to serve essential functions in 'host' cells, highlighting the importance of TEs in the epigenetic regulation of the genome.
Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome
Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins in plants: interpreters of DNA methylation
Zemach A, Grafi G. Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins in plants: interpreters of DNA methylation. Trends Plant Sci. 2007 Feb; 12 (2): 80-5. Epub 2007 Jan 8.
The effect of DNA methylation on various aspects of plant cellular and developmental processes has been well documented over the past 35 years. However, the underlying molecular mechanism interpreting the methylation signal has only recently been explored with the isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins. In this review, we highlight recent advances and present new models concerning Arabidopsis MBD proteins and their possible role in controlling chromatin structure mediated by CpG methylation.
Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins in plants-interpreters of DNA methylation
Imprinting-a green variation
Berger F. Plant sciences. Imprinting--a green variation. Science. 2004 Jan 23; 303 (5657): 483-5.
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-39731-37267.html
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